M31 - Andromeda Galaxy

M31, known as the Andromeda Galaxy, is our nearest galactic neighbor, located approximately 2.5 million light-years away. The entire galaxy spans 260,000 light-years across.

September 25, 2024

All-new data under somewhat moon-lit skies, but new processing tools help even average data shine! I really like how much the nebulosity stands out in this image compared to previous versions. The Tri-Band filter really helps. I may revisit this in the future with a dual-narrowband filter and perform continuum subtraction to really help those areas of nebulosity pop! Additionally, this is the last target for my RedCat 51 telescope, at least for awhile. I recently received the Orion Optics Ideal 8 Newtonian telescope that I ordered in June, so I’ll really be focused on that and all the new targets it will enable me to capture!

Technical Details

Imaging Telescope: William Optics RedCat 51 II

Imaging Camera: ZWO ASI533MC Pro

Mount: Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro

Filter: Antlia Tri-band RGB Ultra Filter - 2” Mounted

Accessories: ZWO ASIAIR Plus, ZWO EAF

Software: PixInsight, Photoshop, NoiseXterminator, Starnet, BlurXterminator

Guiding Telescope: William Optics UniGuide 32

Guiding Camera: ZWO ASI174MM

Imaging Dates: Sep. 7/18/19, 2024

Frames (gain 101.0) f/4.9 -10c: 140x180” (7h)

Integration Time: 7h

Darks/Flats/Dark Flats: 30/25/30

Bortle Dark-Sky Scale: 5.00

December 29, 2023

Reprocessed the previous data with my new processing method and added 3 hours of 3 minute subframes. As usual, it does a much better job managing stars, color balance, and saturation! Now up to 11 hours of integration time.

Technical Details

Imaging Telescope: William Optics RedCat 51 II

Imaging Camera: ZWO ASI533MC Pro

Mount: Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro

Filter: SVBony UV/IR Cut 2”

Accessories: ZWO ASIAIR Plus, ZWO EAFZWO ASAIR Plus

Software: Siril, Photoshop, NoiseXterminator, Starnet

Guiding Telescope: William Optics UniGuide 32

Guiding Camera: ZWO ASI174MM

Imaging Dates: Nov. 7, 2023, Nov. 9, 2023, Nov. 14, 2023, Nov. 16, 2023

Frames (gain 101.0) f/4.9 -10c: 159x180” (7h57m) 40×120″(1h20m), 30x60”(30m), 148×30″(1h14m)

Integration Time: 11h1m

Darks/Flats/Dark Flats: 30/30/30

Bortle Dark-Sky Scale: 4.00

November 17, 2023

Added almost 6 more hours of exposure time to Andromeda. The exposure time really helps to bring out the fainter details in the outer dust lanes. The core is much less blown out in this image, which I’m happier with. As you can tell, there’s not a huge difference between this and the previous image, so at a certain point, you need to decide when enough exposure time is enough. When I upgrade to a monochrome dedicated astronomy camera with filter wheel, I will revisit this target. Monochrome cameras are essentially 4x as sensitive since each pixel is collecting only one color channel at a time, so I should be able to capture much more detail in the dust lanes.

Technical Details

Imaging Telescope: William Optics RedCat 51 II

Imaging Camera: ZWO ASI533MC Pro

Mount: Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro

Filter: SVBony UV/IR Cut 2”

Accessories: ZWO ASIAIR Plus, ZWO EAFZWO ASAIR Plus

Software: DSS, Siril, Photoshop, NoiseXterminator, StarXterminator, Astronomy Tools Actions Set

Guiding Telescope: William Optics UniGuide 32

Guiding Camera: ZWO ASI174MM

Imaging Dates: Nov. 7, 2023, Nov. 9, 2023, Nov. 14, 2023, Nov. 16, 2023

Frames (gain 101.0) f/4.9 -10c: 99x180” (4h57m) 40×120″(1h20m), 30x60”(30m), 148×30″(1h14m)

Integration Time: 8h1m

Darks/Flats/Dark Flats: 30/30/30

Bortle Dark-Sky Scale: 4.00

November 12, 2023

My first image of Andromeda with the new camera. The core is still a bit blown out, so I think more short exposures are key here. Otherwise, the color balance looks correct and once again, so much more detail than I am able to capture with the mirrorless camera.

Technical Details

Imaging Telescope: William Optics RedCat 51 II

Imaging Camera: ZWO ASI533MC Pro

Mount: Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro

Filter: SVBony UV/IR Cut 2”

Accessories: ZWO ASIAIR Plus, ZWO EAFZWO ASAIR Plus

Software: DSS, Siril, Photoshop, NoiseXterminator, StarXterminator, Astronomy Tools Actions Set

Guiding Telescope: William Optics UniGuide 32

Guiding Camera: ZWO ASI174MM

Imaging Dates: Nov. 7, 2023, Nov. 9, 2023

Frames (gain 101.0) f/4.9 -10c: 40×120″(1h20m), 60×30″(30m), 30x60”(30m)

Integration Time: 2h20m

Darks/Flats/Dark Flats: 30/30/30

Bortle Dark-Sky Scale: 4.00

November 6, 2023

I added another hour and a half or so of integration time to Andromeda. I wanted a bit more color and contrast in the image, so I tried some new processing techniques. Unfortunately, I think I blew out the core a little bit and there seems to be a good amount of noise in the color data, but I do prefer the look of the dust lanes on the outer part of the galaxy. I’ll need to keep revisiting this to see if I can get a better result through better processing. At this point, I should have enough amount of data for a good image.

Technical Details

Imaging Telescope: William Optics RedCat 51 II

Imaging Camera: Canon EOS R

Mount: Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro

Filter: None

Accessories: ZWO ASIAIR Plus, ZWO EAF

Software: Photoshop, StarNet, Astronomy Tools Actions Set, ZWO ASIAIR+

Guiding Telescope: William Optics UniGuide 32

Guiding Camera: ZWO ASI174MM

Imaging Dates: Oct. 16, 2023, Oct. 17, 2023, Nov. 3, 2023

Frames (ISO 1600) f/4.9: 45×150″(1h52m), 42×180″(2h6m), 66x90”(1h39m)

Integration Time: 5h37m

Darks: 15/15/19

Bortle Dark-Sky Scale: 4.00

November 3, 2023

I added another 2 hours of integration time to my earlier data with some slightly longer exposures to see if I could better capture the dust in the outer part of the galaxy. I also learned some better techniques for color balancing and the results speak for themselves. There still seems to be a bit of green cast to this image, so I’ll need to keep practicing. Overall, it is quite the improvement over the previous image.

Technical Details

Imaging Telescope: William Optics RedCat 51 II

Imaging Camera: Canon EOS R

Mount: Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro

Filter: None

Accessories: ZWO ASIAIR Plus, ZWO EAF

Software: Photoshop, StarNet, Astronomy Tools Actions Set, ZWO ASIAIR+

Guiding Telescope: William Optics UniGuide 32

Guiding Camera: ZWO ASI174MM

Imaging Dates: Oct. 16, 2023, Oct. 17, 2023

Frames (ISO 1600) f/4.9: 45×150″(1h52m), 42×180″(2h6m)

Integration Time: 3h58m

Darks: 15/15

Bortle Dark-Sky Scale: 4.00

October 16, 2023

We all start somewhere. My first image of Andromeda. I got just shy of 2 hours of integration time on it. It’s clear that I still need some practice with processing the data, but hey, there’s still an image! The color is a bit green/blue cast, which apparently is typical with mirrorless/DSLR cameras in astrophotography. I’ll see if I can figure out how to better color balance in the future. I will probably continue to use Andromeda as a testing ground for various techniques since it is such a large, bright object, and is so commonly imaged that there is lots of reference material out there.

Technical Details

Imaging Telescope: William Optics RedCat 51 II

Imaging Camera: Canon EOS R

Mount: Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro

Filter: None

Accessories: ZWO ASIAIR Plus, ZWO EAF

Software: Photoshop, StarNet, Astronomy Tools Actions Set, ZWO ASIAIR+

Guiding Telescope: William Optics UniGuide 32

Guiding Camera: ZWO ASI174MM

Imaging Dates: Oct. 16, 2023

Frames (ISO 1600) f/4.9: 45×150″(1h52m)

Integration Time: 1h52m

Darks: 15

Bortle Dark-Sky Scale: 4.00

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M27 - Dumbbell Nebula

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NGC7635 - Lobster Claw and Bubble Nebulae