The Triangulum Galaxy

M33, known as The Triangulum Galaxy, is about 3 million light-years away from Earth.

December 4, 2024

Now this was an adventure! I’ve long admired many of the starburst galaxy images I’ve seen with continuum subtracted nebulosity data. So I thought I would try the same thing myself with my new ALPT filter. Plus, the extended focal length of the new telescope really enabled me to zoom in on the details of that nebulosity in our nearest neighbor, M33. The downside to this plan was that the fame size of my camera is too small to capture all of this in one frame, so I needed to split this into a mosaic of two panels, and for each panel, I needed to capture enough broadband data and enough narrowband data to make it worthwhile, so I targeted about 8 hours of each for each panel. I made use of some moonlit clear nights to capture the narrowband data and then spent the last few clear moonless nights capturing the broadband data with my triband filter.

Through this process, I’ve learned a few things. 1) I’m still very much a novice when it come to collimating a newtonian telescope. My collimation certainly got worse before it got better, and I tossed lots of frames and spent several more nights than planned on this project because of this. 2) Processing a mosaic is already a challenge with balancing matching color processing, managing differing gradients, and because I planned to do continuum subtraction, I needed to make two two panel mosaics, star align them, and then get to work on subtraction. I really struggled with this using the Gradient Merge Mosaic Process and fortunately found the Photometric Merge Mosaic process, which works much better for me. 3) Even with Franklin Marek’s Continuum Subtraction Tool (The Easy Button!), I found continuum subtraction to be a little more complicated and nuanced of a process. Nonetheless, after many hours, I’ve gotten a result that I’m happy with and ready to share!

Technical Details

Imaging Telescope: Orion Optics UK Ideal 8

Imaging Camera: ZWO ASI533MC Pro

Mount: Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro

Filter: Antlia Tri-band RGB Ultra Filter - 2” Mounted; Antlia ALP-T Dual Band 5nm 2”

Accessories: ZWO ASIAIR Plus, ZWO EAF, ZWO Filter Drawer (Gen 2)

Software: PixInsight, Starnet, BlurXterminator, GraXpert, SetiAstro Automatic DBE, SetiAstro Statistical Stretch, PhotoMetricMerge Mosaic

Guiding Telescope: SVBony SV106 60mm Guide Scope

Guiding Camera: ZWO ASI174MM

Imaging Dates: November 10, 12, 15, 2024

Frames (gain 101.0) f/4.9 -10c: 200x180” (10h) Dual Band; 320x180” (16h) Triband

Integration Time: 26h

Darks/Flats/Dark Flats: 30/30/30

Bortle Dark-Sky Scale: 5.00

December 11, 2023

Revised image of the Triangulum with the new processing technique. I think you can better see some of the large regions of nebulosity (some of the magentas in the arms) as a result of the improved star control, saturation, and color balance from the new technique.

Technical Details

Imaging Telescope: William Optics RedCat 51 II

Imaging Camera: ZWO ASI533MC Pro

Mount: Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro

Filter: SVBony UV/IR Cut 2"

Accessories: ZWO ASIAIR Plus, ZWO EAF

Software: Siril, Photoshop, NoiseXterminator, Starnet

Guiding Telescope: William Optics UniGuide 32

Guiding Camera: ZWO ASI174MM

Imaging Dates: Nov. 6, 2023 · Nov. 7, 2023 · Nov. 16, 2023

Frames (gain: 101.00) f/4.9 -10°C: 20x180” (1h), 35×120″(1h 10′), 50×60″(50′), 40×90″(1h)

Integration Time: 4h

Darks/Flats/Flat Darks: 30/30/30

Bortle Dark-Sky Scale: 4.00

November 17, 2023

As promised, I added a bit more integration time to this stack with some 3 minute exposures last night. It really helped to bring out the details around the fringes of the galaxy. I also adjusted my processing technique slightly to see if I could better preserve the core of the galaxy while bringing up the faint details in the arms of the galaxy. Compared to my last image, you can better see the nebulosity that is present in the arms of the galaxy (the blue and red bits). I was already pretty happy with my last image, but this one is even better! It just goes to show you how much every little bit of integration time helps (and improved processing skill… but you still need good data to get good results!)

Technical Details

Imaging Telescope: William Optics RedCat 51 II

Imaging Camera: ZWO ASI533MC Pro

Mount: Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro

Filter: SVBony UV/IR Cut 2"

Accessories: ZWO ASIAIR Plus, ZWO EAF

Software: DSS, Siril, Photoshop, AstroFlat Pro, NoiseXterminator, StarShrink, Astronomy Tools Actions Set

Guiding Telescope: William Optics UniGuide 32

Guiding Camera: ZWO ASI174MM

Imaging Dates: Nov. 6, 2023 · Nov. 7, 2023 · Nov. 16, 2023

Frames (gain: 101.00) f/4.9 -10°C: 20x180” (1h), 35×120″(1h 10′), 50×60″(50′), 40×90″(1h)

Integration Time: 4h

Darks/Flats/Flat Darks: 30/30/30

Bortle Dark-Sky Scale: 4.00

November 8, 2023

Decided to make the jump to a cooled, dedicated OSC astronomy camera. It does a much better job of capturing detail with less noise than the mirrorless camera. The color balance straight out of the camera is also much better and easier to work with in post-processing. I’ve decided to leave the stars, but reduce their size somewhat in this image rather than eliminating them through masking. I think I prefer the natural look with more stars. Overall, I’m thrilled with the improvement over my last image. I may revisit this target in the future to add some more integration time to the stack.

Technical Details

Imaging Telescope: William Optics RedCat 51 II

Imaging Camera: ZWO ASI533MC Pro

Mount: Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro

Filter: SVBony UV/IR Cut 2"

Accessories: ZWO ASIAIR Plus, ZWO EAF

Software: DSS, Siril, Photoshop, AstroFlat Pro, NoiseXterminator, StarXterminator, Astronomy Tools Actions Set

Guiding Telescope: William Optics UniGuide 32

Guiding Camera: ZWO ASI174MM

Imaging Dates: Nov. 6, 2023 · Nov. 7, 2023

Frames (gain: 101.00) f/4.9 -10°C: 35×120″(1h 10′), 50×60″(50′), 40×90″(1h)

Integration Time: 3h

Darks/Flats/Flat Darks: 30/30/30

Bortle Dark-Sky Scale: 4.00

November 4, 2023

After simply being excited to be capturing decent data, I decided to revisit the Triangulum Galaxy for more integration time. I added a little over 1.75 hours of integration time to my original data from October 16th. I was pleased with the additional detail in the core of the galaxy, as you can see a bit more of the dust lanes. That said, color balancing was a challenge and things came out a bit blue. I used Starnet to process the stars separately from the galaxy. Still need to keep practicing my processing techniques.

Technical Details

Imaging Telescope: William Optics RedCat 51 II

Imaging Camera: Canon EOS R

Mount: Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro

Filter: None

Accessories: ZWO ASIAIR Plus, ZWO EAF

Software: Photoshop, StarNet, Astronomy Tools Actions Set, ZWO ASIAIR+

Guiding Telescope: William Optics UniGuide 32

Guiding Camera: ZWO ASI174MM

Imaging Dates: Nov. 4, 2023 · Oct. 16, 2023

Frames (ISO 1600) f/4.9: 53×120″(1h46′), 30×120″(1h)

Integration Time: 2h46'm

Darks: 40

Bortle Dark-Sky Scale: 4.00

October 16, 2023

This is my first image of the Triangulum Galaxy. I was pretty excited to get something from about an hours worth of data. I know that more integration time is necessary, but nonetheless, there’s something to see! I used Starnet to process the stars separately and I reduced the amount of stars. Still lots to learn about processing the data.

Technical Details

Imaging Telescope: William Optics RedCat 51 II

Imaging Camera: Canon EOS R

Mount: Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro

Filter: None

Accessories: ZWO ASIAIR Plus, ZWO EAF

Software: Photoshop, StarNet, Astronomy Tools Actions Set, ZWO ASIAIR+

Guiding Telescope: William Optics UniGuide 32

Guiding Camera: ZWO ASI174MM

Imaging Dates: Oct. 16, 2023

Frames (ISO 1600) f/4.9: 30×120″(1h)

Integration Time: 1h

Darks: 15

Bortle Dark-Sky Scale: 4.00

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